How Is the <b>P‑Value</b> Calculated A Step‑by‑Step Guide

Understanding the Concept

The p‑value is a probability that measures how likely it is to observe data at least as extreme as the sample results, assuming the null hypothesis is true. In other words, it answers the question: “If nothing unusual is happening, how surprising would our data be?” A small p‑value (typically  α, you fail to reject it. Remember that a p‑value does not measure the size or importance of an effect—only the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis.

Understanding how the p‑value is calculated empowers researchers to choose the right test, verify assumptions, and accurately interpret statistical evidence, leading to more reliable scientific conclusions.

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